Discovering Computers - Student Assignment Chapter 2 Review (Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir.,M.Sc)

Discovering Computers

Student Assignment - Chapter 2 Review

Page 112 -113

Name         : Anneke Dwi Sesarika Rahmanto

Class          : 01PCT

Student ID : 1701316166

Lecture      : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc.

1. How did the internet evolve?

    The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense was the world's first operational packet switching network, and the progenitor of the global Internet. During the 1950s, several communications researchers realized that there was a need to allow general communication between users of various computers and communications networks. This led to research into decentralized networks, queuing theory, and packet switching. The subsequent creation of ARPANET in the United States in turn catalyzed a wave of technical developments that made it the basis for the development of the Internet.

   The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational in 1984 when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. It was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1995. Important separate networks that have successfully entered the Internet include Usenet, Bitnet and the various commercial and educational X.25 networks such as Compuserve and JANET. The collective network gained a public face in the 1990s.

   In August 1991 CERN in Switzerland publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few web pages at CERN in Switzerland.

   In 1993 the Mosaic web browser version 1.0 was released, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word "Internet" was common public currency, but it referred almost entirely to the World Wide Web. Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks such as FidoNet have remained separate). This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. The IEEE has assigned the 802.1 label to the internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and other wide area networks, now known as the Internet.

2. What are the various types of internet connection, and what are the differences between broadband and dial-up connection?

   There are various types of internet connection, such as : 
   

   Analog: Dial-up Internet Access

   Also called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog,  public-switched telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and vice versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited. Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps. Today, analog has been widely replaced by broadband (Cable and DSL).
   

   ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

   Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
   

   B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN

   Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.
   

   DSL – Digital Subscriber Line

   DSL is frequently referred to as an "always on" connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to the premise so service is delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service --  it will not tie up your phone line as an analog dial-up connection does.  The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.  All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.  xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 9 Mbps.
   

   ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

   ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.
   

   Cable -  Broadband Internet Connection

   Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other channels for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast access.  Cable providers typically implement a cap to limit capacity and accommodate more customers. Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
   

   Wireless Internet Connections

   Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan areas.
   

   Internet over Satellite

   Internet over Satellite(IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables. Typical Internet over satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around 492 up to 512 Kbps.

   The fundamental difference between dialup and broadband connections is the manner in which the connection is made from PC to the Internet.
   A dialup service connects to the Internet through a phone line with a maximum speed of 56kbps. While using a dialup connection, we need to pay for a local call every time we dial the Internet. In addition phone line is engaged while we are on the Internet.
   Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256kbps or more is classified as broadband. With a broadband connection, phone line (if existing phone line is used) can still be used while using the Internet and both the phone and the Internet work simultaneously and no dialup costs are incurred.
   

3. What are the types of internet access providers?

   
   

   An access provides is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the internet for free. Access providers are categorized as regional or national ISPs, online service providers and wireless internet service providers.

   ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a regional or national provider. A regional ISP usually provides internet access to a specific geographic area. A national ISP is a business that provides internet access in cities and towns nation wide.

   OSP (Online Service Provider) has many members-only features such as instant messagingor their own customized version of a web browser.

   Wireless Internet Service Provider is a company that provides wireless internet access to desktop and notebook computers and mobile devices, such as smart phones and portable media players, with built-in wireless capability or to computers using wireless modems or wireless access devices.

4. What is the purpose of an IP address, and what is its relationship to a domain name?

   
   

   IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the internet. IP Address do the addressing system that internet relies to. IP Address usually consists of four group of numbers, each separated by a period. The number in each group is between 0 and 255.

   These all-numeric IP addresses are difficult to remember and use. Thus, the internet supports the use of a text name that represent one or more IP addresses that called domain name. 

5. What is the purpose of a web browser, and what are the components of a web address?

   
   

   A web browser is application software that allows users to access and view Web pages or access Web 2.0 programs.  With an internet connection established, you start a web browser. The browser retrieves and displays a starting web page called home page. Another use of the term, home page refers to the first page that a web site displays. The home page usually contains links to other documents, web pages or web sites.

   Link, short for hyperlink, is a built-in connection to another related web page or part of a web page.  For a computer or mobile device to display a web page, the page must be downloaded. Downloading is the process of a computer or device receiving information, such as a web page, from a server on the internet. The time required to download a web page varies depending on the speed of your internet connection and the amount of graphics involved.

   A web page has a unique address called URL(Uniform Resource Locator) or web address. A web browser retrieves a web page using its web address. A web address consist of a protocol, domain name and sometimes the path to a specific web page or location on a web page. Many web page addresses begin with http://. The http which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that defines how pages transfer on the internet. 

6. How do you use a search engine to search for information on the web, and what is the difference between a search engine and a subject directory?

   
   

   A search engine is a program that finds web sites, web pages, images, videos, news, maps and other information related to a specific topic. A search engine is helpful in locating information for which you don't know an exact web address or aren't seeking a particular web site. Search engines require that you enter a word or phrase, called search text or search query, that describes the item you want to find. Each word in the search text is known as a keyword. Search engines often respond with thousands of results, whose content varies depending on the type of information you are seeking, display a list of hits. When clicked, each hit dispays an associated web site or web page.

   Subject directory provides categorized lists of links arranged by subject. Using this search tool, you locate a particular topic by clicking links through different levels, moving from the general to the specific. Each time you click a category link, the subject directory displays a list of subcategory links, from which you again choose. You continue in this fashion until the search tool displays a list of web pages about the desired topic. 

7. What are the types of web sites?

   
   

   There are thirteen types of web sites : portal, news, informational, business/marketing, blog, wiki, online social network, educational, entertainment, advocacy, web application, content aggregator and personal.

   Portal is a web site that offers a variety of internet services from a single, convenient location. Most portals offer these free services : search engine, news, sport and weather, web publishing, reference tools, shopping, and other communications services.

   News web site contains newsworthy material including stories and articles relating to current events, life, money, sports, and the weather. Many magazines and newspapers sponsor web site that provide summaries of printed articles, as well as articles not included in the printed versions.

   Informational web site contains factual information. Many organizations provide information such as public transportation schedules and published research findings.

   Business/marketing web site contains content that promotes or sells products or services. Many of enterprises that has a business/marketing web site allow you to purchase their products or services online.

   Blog is an informal web site consisting of time-stamped articles, or post, in a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order. Blogs have become an important means of worldwide communications. Businesses create blogs to communicate with employees, customers, and vendors. Teachers create blog to collaborate with other teachers and students. Home users create blogs to share aspects of their personal life with family, friends, and others.

   Wiki is a collaborative web site that allows users to create, add to, modify, or delete the web site content via their web browser. Wikis usually collect recent edits on a web page so that someone can review them for accuracy. The difference between a wiki and a blog is that users cannot modify original posts made by the blogger.

   Online Social Network is a web site that encourages members in its online community to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users. Most include chat rooms, newsgroup, and other communications services.

   Educational web site offers exciting, challenging avenues for formal and informal teaching and learning. For a more structured learning experience, companies provide online training to employees; and colleges offer online classes and degrees. Instructors often use the Web to enhance classroom teaching by publishing course materials, grades, and other pertinent class information.

   Entertainment web site offers an interactive and engaging environment. Popular entertaiment web sites offer music, videos, sports, games, ongoing web episodes, sweepstakes, chat rooms, and more.

   Advocacy web site contains content that describes a cause, opinion, or idea. These web sites usually present views of a particular group or association.

   Web application is a web site that allows users to access and interact with software through a web browser on any computer or device that is connected to the internet. Web applications provide free access to their software. Others offer part of their software free and charge for access to more comprehensive features or when a particular action is requested.

   Content aggregator is a business that gathers and organizes web content and then distributes, or feeds, the content to subcribers for free or a fee.

   Personal web page is just a single web page that not associated with any organization. 

8. How do web pages use graphics, animation, audio, video, virtual reality and plug-ins?

   
   

   Most Web pages include more than just formatted text and links. The more exciting Web pages use multimedia. Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or virtual reality.

   A graphic, or graphical image, is a digital representation of nontext information such as a drawing, chart, or photo.

   Many Web pages use animation, which is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence. Animation can make Web pages more visually interesting or draw attention to important information or links.

   Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound. Simple applications consist of individual audio files available for download to a computer or device. Once downloaded, you can play (listen to) the contents of these files.

   On the Web, you can view video clips or watch live video. Video consists of images displayed in motion. Most video also has accompanying audio. You can use the Internet to watch live and/or prerecorded coverage of your favorite television programs or enjoy a live performance of your favorite vocalist. You can upload, share, or view video clips at a video sharing Web site such as YouTube.

   Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space. VR involves the display of 3-D images that users explore and manipulate interactively.

   A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends the capability of a browser. You can download many plug-ins at no cost from various Web sites. Some plug-ins run on all sizes of personal computers and mobile devices. Others have special versions for mobile devices. 

9. What are the steps required for web publishing?

   
   

   Web publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages. The five major steps in Web publishing are as follows:

   1. Plan a Web site.

   Think about issues that could affect the design of the Web site. Identify the purpose of the Web site and the characteristics of the people whom you want to visit the Web site. Determine ways to differentiate your Web site from other similar ones.

   2. Analyze and design a Web site.

   Design the layout of elements of the Web site such as links, text, graphics, animation, audio, video, and virtual reality. Required hardware may include a digital camera, Web cam, scanner, sound card, and microphone.

   3. Create a Web site.

   Use a word processing program to create basic Web pages that contain text and graphics. Use Web page authoring software to create more sophisticated Web sites that include text, graphics, animation, audio, video, and special effects. For advanced features such as managing users,passwords, chat rooms, and e-mail, you may need to purchase specialized Web site management software.

   4. Deploy a Web site.

   Transfer the Web pages from your computer to a Web server. Many Internet access providers offer their customers storage space on a Web server. Another option is a Web hosting service, which provides storage space on a Web server for a reasonable monthly fee. To help others locate your Web page, register your Web address with various search engines to ensure your site will appear in the hit lists for searches for certain keywords.

   5. Maintain a Web site.

   Visit the Web site regularly to ensure the Web site contents are current and all links work properly. 

10. What are the types of e-commerce?

    
    

    E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is a business transaction that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet. Three types of e-commerce are business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-business.

    Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce consists of the sale of goods and services to the general public. A customer (consumer) visits an online business through an electronic storefront, which contains product descriptions, images, and a shopping cart. The shopping cart allows the customer to collect purchases. When ready to complete the sale, the customer enters personal data and the method of payment, which should be through a secure Internet connection. E-retail, short for electronic retail, occurs when businesses use the Web to sell products

    Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce occurs when one consumer sells directly to another, such as in an online auction. With an online auction, users bid on an item being sold by someone else. The highest bidder at the end of the bidding period purchases the item.

    Most e-commerce, though, actually takes place between businesses, which is called business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce. Businesses often provide goods and services to other businesses, such as online advertising, recruiting,credit, sales, market research, technical support, and training. 

11. How do e-mail, mailing list, instant messaging, chat rooms, VoIP, newsgroup and message board, and FTP work?

     E-mail (short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and fi les via a computer network. 

    A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name, so that everyone on the list receives a message sent to the list. 

    Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service that notifi es you when one or more people are online. 

    A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to conduct real-time typed conversations. 

    VoIP (Voice over IP, or Internet Protocol), also called Internet telephony, enables users to speak to other users over the Internet, instead of the public switched telephone network. 

    A newsgroup is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject. 

    A message board is a Web-based type of discussion group that is easier to use than a newsgroup. 

    FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits fi le uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet.

12. What are the rules of netiquette?

    
    

    NETIQUETTE — Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like them to treat you.

    1. In e-mail, chat rooms, and newsgroups:

    • Keep messages brief. Use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

    • Be careful when using sarcasm and humor, as it might be misinterpreted.

    • Be polite. Avoid offensive language.

    • Read the message before you send it.

    • Use meaningful subject lines.

    • Avoid sending or posting flames, which are abusive or insulting messages. Do not participate in flame wars, which are exchanges of flames.

    • Avoid sending spam, which is the Internet’s version of junk mail. Spam is an unsolicited e-mail message or newsgroup posting sent to many recipients or newsgroups at once.

    • Do not use all capital letters, which is the equivalent of SHOUTING!

    • Use emoticons to express emotion. Popular emoticons include

    :) Smile

    :| Indifference

    :o Surprised

    :( Frown

    :\ Undecided

    • Use abbreviations and acronyms for phrases:

    btw : by the way

    imho : in my humble opinion

    fyi : for your information

    ttfn : ta ta for now

    fwiw : for what it’s worth

    tyvm : thank you very much

    • Clearly identify a spoiler, which is a message that reveals a solution to a game or ending to a movie or program.

    2. Read the FAQ (frequently asked questions), if one exists. Many newsgroups and Web pages have an FAQ.

    3. Do not assume material is accurate or up-to-date. Be forgiving of other’s mistakes.

    4. Never read someone’s private e-mail.